Azadirachta
indica
It is tree seen from himalaya to kanyakumari. In Ayurveda bark,
leaves, seeds, and oil extracted from the seeds are used to treat rheumatic
complaints, skin diseases and many other diseases. In an Ayurvedic text called Abhidanamanjari
three types of neem tree are mentioned. They are;
1.Azadirachta indica called as Nimba
2.Milia azadirach called as Mahanimba
3.Murraya koengi called as Krushnanimba
Sanskrit-Nimba, Arista, Hinguniryasa, Manda, Abhidana,Tikta
Hindi-Neem
Gujarathi-Leembado
Bengali-Ne
Tamil-Veppu
Telugu-Veppa
English-Neem,Margosa
AYURVEDIC
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Rasa-Tikta
Guna-Laghu, Snighda
Veerya-Usna
Vipaka-Katu
DESCRIPTION
Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20
metres (49–66 ft), rarely to 35–40 metres (115–131 ft). It is evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of
its leaves. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is
roundish and may reach a diameter of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) in old,
free-standing specimens. The neem tree is very similar in appearance to its
relative, the Chinaberry (Melia azedarach).
The opposite, pinnate leaves are 20–40 centimetres
(7.9–15.7 in) long, with 20 to 31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3–8
centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The petioles are short.
The (white and fragrant) flowers are arranged in more-or-less
drooping axillary panicles which are up to 25 centimetres
(9.8 in) long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third
degree, bear from 150 to 250 flowers. An individual flower is 5–6 millimetres
(0.20–0.24 in) long and 8–11 millimetres (0.31–0.43 in) wide. Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the
same individual tree.
The fruit is a smooth (glabrous) olive-like drupe which varies in shape from
elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe is 1.4–2.8 centimetres
(0.55–1.10 in) by 1.0–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in). The fruit skin
(exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and
very fibrous. The mesocarp is 0.3–0.5 centimetres (0.12–0.20 in) thick.
The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or
three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed
coat.
ECOLOGY
The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid
conditions, with an annual rainfall 400–1,200 millimetres (16–47 in). It
can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such
cases it depends largely on ground water levels. Neem can grow in many
different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils. It
is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean
temperatures between 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). It can tolerate high to
very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature below 4 °C
(39 °F). Neem is one of a very few shade-giving trees that thrive in
drought-prone areas e.g. the dry coastal, southern districts of India and
Pakistan. The trees are not at all delicate about water quality and thrive on
the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In India and tropical
countries where the Indian diaspora has reached, it is very common to
see neem trees used for shade lining streets, around temples, schools &
other such public buildings or in most people's back yards. In very dry areas
the trees are planted on large tracts of land.
Traditional
medicinal use
Products made from neem trees have been used in India for over
two millennia for their medicinal properties. Neem products are believed by Ayurvedic practitioners to be anthelmintic, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraceptive and sedative. It is considered a major component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and is particularly prescribed for skin diseases. Neem oil is also used for healthy
hair, to improve liver function, detoxify the blood, and balance blood sugar levels. Neem leaves have also been used to treat skin diseases like
eczema, psoriasis, etc.
However, insufficient research has been done to assess the
purported benefits of neem. In adults, short-term use of neem
is safe, while long-term use may harm the kidneys or liver; in small children,
neem oil is toxic and can lead to death. Neem may also cause miscarriages, infertility, and low blood
sugar.
Association with Hindu festivals in India
Neem leaf or bark is considered an effective pitta pacifier due to its bitter taste.
Hence, it is traditionally recommended during early summer in Ayurveda (that
is, the month ofChaitra as per the Hindu Calendar which usually falls in the month
of March – April).
In the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Neem
flowers are very popular for their use in 'Ugadi Pachhadi' (soup-like pickle),
which is made on Ugadi day. In Karnataka, a small amount of Neem and Jaggery (Bevu-Bella) is consumed on Ugadi day, the Kannada new year, indicating that one
should take both bitter and sweet things in life, joy and sorrow.
During Gudi Padva, which is the New Year in the state
of Maharashtra, the ancient practice of drinking a small quantity of neem juice
or paste on that day, before starting festivities, is found. As in many Hindu
festivals and their association with some food to avoid negative side-effects
of the season or change of seasons, neem juice is associated with Gudi Padva to remind people to use it during that particular month or
season to pacify summer pitta.
In Tamil Nadu during the summer months of April
to June, the Mariamman temple festival is a thousand year old tradition. The Neem
leaves and flowers are the most important part of the Mariamman festival. The
goddess Mariamman statue will be garlanded with Neem leaves and flowers. During
most occasions of celebrations and weddings the people ofTamil Nadu adorn their surroundings with the
Neem leaves and flowers as a form of decoration and also to ward off evil
spirits and infections.
In the eastern coastal state of Odisha the famous Jagannath temple deities are made up of Neem heart wood along with some
other essential oils and powders.
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first scientist to bring the anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral constituents of the Neem tree to the attention of natural
products chemists. In 1942, he extracted three
bitter compounds from neem oil, which he named as nimbin,
nimbinin, and nimbidin respectively. The process involved extracting
the water insoluble components with ether, petrol ether, ethyl acetate and dilute alcohol. The provisional naming was nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product with melting point at 205 °C,empirical composition C7H10O2), nimbinin (with similar principle, melting
at 192 °C), and nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphoussulphur,
melting at 90–100 °C). Siddiqui identified nimbidin as the main active antibacterial ingredient, and the highest
yielding bitter component in the neem oil. These compounds are stable and found
in substantial quantities in the Neem. They also serve as natural insecticides.
THERAPEUTIC
SINGLE DRUG USAGE.
-for dieseases affecting tendons and muscles of upper limb 10ml of
neem juice tds before food cure it if taken regularly
-10ml neem juice+10ml honey tds before food for jaundice and
intestinal worms
-10ml neem oil+10ml castor oil in empty stomach in early morning
for intestinal worms
-paste of neem leaves and turmeric is used to apply on the bites of
poisonous insects and also for pruritis and scabies
-decoction of leaves and bark for washing in ulcers and skin
diseases
-paste of leaves help in curing burns
-seeds of neem+CuSO4 paste apply over pile mass
-in chicken pox neem leaves rubbed over eruptions and patient made
to lie over bed of neem leaves
-Nimbarajanyadi choornam, Panchanimba choornam, Panchanimba louha
choornam are some of the Ayurvedic proprietary medicines containing neem.
(reference : Wikipedia, Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Nesamani)
